The Importance of Translation in International Business free essay sample

Translation is an activity comprising the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language — the source text— and the production, in another language, of a new, equivalent text — the target text, or translation (Axistranslations). Normally, translation is done by human. As technology become higher and higher, some simple translation can be done by machine and computer nowadays. Translation is aim to transfer exactly the same meaning between source language and target language. Of course, translating has to abide by the rule of target language, such as grammar and formats of writing. International business International business conducts business transactions all over the world. These transactions include the exchange of goods, services, technology, and capital among individuals and businesses in multiple countries (Akrani, 2011). International business can also be a specific entity, such as multinational corporation or international business company that engages in business among multiple countries (international business). Translation in international business Translation is inevitable especially for companies that operate in multiple countries. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Translation in International Business or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is necessary to translate when the parent company passes information or collect from all the employees of subsidiaries across the world. Proper translation of proposals and demands are needed when companies have to negotiate terms with international governments or other local companies. Marketing Because of the globalisation and intergration of the world economy, translation has become more and more important. There are different languages in different countries. When doing business within countries that use different languages, translation is crucially needed. Translation plays an important role in marketing. It will be not only embarrassing but potentially very costly to the company if wrong translations are used at international marketing as part of its marketing communication campaign. There are some examples of translation bloopers such as the sign at a Scandinavian airport â€Å"We take your bags and send them in all directions† or the one in a Swiss restaurant â€Å"Our wines leave you nothing to hope for† or the note in a doctor’s office in Rome â€Å"Specialist in women and other diseases† (ocean Translation). These kinds of translations make people feel strange, and just like one example as above â€Å"our wines leave you nothing to hope for† people will not go to that restaurant and order wine, because the ads said their wine leave people nothing to hope for. Business meeting For making international business a success, it is inevitable to obtain a relationship with the companies overseas. Relating to another company that is able to make you marketable in a foreign country, you will not only receive help from your partner to open your marketplace, but will also make â€Å"friends† with companies in that country, which you can get into the country easier and make profits together in the future. However, for making this requisite relationship, companies will need to be dependent on business meetings in order to deeply talk over the aims of the ambitious company, and also make mutual consent in specific terms and requirements. When they are faced with language barriers however, this can be near to an impossible task. (Axistranslations) International businesses often look for translation services attempt to provide their customers better service and keep pace with their demands. As this world gets more and more competitory, its necessary that international businesses deliver their messages expressly and precisely to their customers. Translation mistakes can potentially affect a companys reputation and result in financial loss (streetdirectory. com). Translators and interpreters Translators and interpreters play an important role in international business. They enhance communication by transferring information accurately from one language to another in different countries around the world. Their jobs are in different forms, translators deal with written communication, interpreters deal with verbal communication. There are different kinds of translators and interpreters, actually they are specific in different zones. Translators are needed when translate documents like financial statements, all kinds of reports and proposals into target language. Interpreters usually show in conferences. As is mentioned above, business meeting whose participants come from different countries and speak different languages will need interpreters to translate for them during the meeting. Finding the right translation service As translation is so important in communication when doing business, and translators and interpreters are needed urgently, choosing the right translation service becomes significant. Good language translation services need to above all be accurate. This requires the translator to be not only proficient in source language but excel in target language. And if you want to find the most suitable language translation services for your company, you should try to find one whose translators are comfortable with the ins and outs of this type of industry. For example, assume that your company deals in the financial industry, you will want to find translators that have been especially educated to know financial-related terms and lingo in that particular country, along with the typical issue. Or else you may lose important time when the translator verifies spelling, pronunciation, and other crucial information. Or even worse, you’ll face the risk of getting abjective messages from your assistant. Conclusion With the globalization of business, market become larger, companies have more opportunities to make more profits. In order to success all over the world, translation is needed in marketing and business meetings. Companies should find the right translation service to make accurate communication and avoid ranslation mistakes. References AkraniGaurav. (09/2011). what is internation business? meaning,features and article. date: 04/2013,source: kalyan-city. blogspot. com. Axistranslations. date: o4/2013,source: www. axistranslations. com. international business. date: 04/2013,source: BusinessDictionnary. com. oceanTranslation. date:04/2013,source:www. ocean-translation. co. nz/the-significance-of-Translation-in-International-Business-Communications. streetdirectory. com. date:04/2013,source: www. streetdirectory. com.

10 Things You Dont Know About Fat

10 Things You Dont Know About Fat Along with proteins and carbohydrates, fat is an essential nutrient that provides energy for the body. Fat not only serves a metabolic function but also plays a structural role in the building of cell membranes. Fat is found primarily beneath the skin and is essential for maintaining healthy skin. Fat also helps to cushion and protect organs, as well as insulate the body against heat loss. While some types of fat are not healthy, others are required for good health. Discover some interesting facts you may not know about fat. 1. Fats Are Lipids but Not All Lipids Are Fats Lipids are a diverse group of biological compounds characterized generally by their insolubility in water. Major lipid groups include fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes. Fats, also called triglycerides, are composed of three fatty acids and glycerol. Triglycerides that are solid at room temperature are called fats, while triglycerides that are liquid at room temperature are called oils. 2. There Are Billions of Fat Cells in the Body While our genes determine the number of fat cells we are born with, newborns typically have around 5 billion fat cells. For healthy adults with normal body composition, this number ranges from 25-30 billion. Overweight adults on average can have around 80 billion fat cells and obese adults can have as many as 300 billion fat cells. 3. Whether You Eat a Low-Fat Diet or High-Fat Diet, the Percentage of Calories From Dietary Fat Consumed Is Not Linked to Disease As it relates to developing cardiovascular disease and stroke, it is the type of fat you eat not the percentage of calories from the fat that increases your risk. Saturated fats and trans fats raise LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol levels in your blood. In addition to raising LDL (bad cholesterol), trans fats also lower HDL (good cholesterol), thus increasing the risk of developing disease. Polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats lower LDL levels and reduce the risk of  disease. 4. Fat Tissue Is Composed of Adipocytes Fat tissue (adipose tissue) is composed mainly of adipocytes. Adipocytes are fat cells that contain droplets of stored fat. These cells swell or shrink depending on whether fat is being stored or used. Other types of cells that comprise adipose tissue include fibroblasts, macrophages, nerves, and endothelial cells. 5. Fat Tissue Can Be White, Brown, or Beige White adipose tissue stores fat as energy and helps to insulate the body, while brown adipose burns fat and generates heat. Beige adipose is genetically different from both brown and white adipose, but burns calories to release energy like brown adipose. Both brown and beige fat get their color from the abundance of blood vessels and the presence of iron-containing mitochondria throughout the tissue. 6. Fat Tissue Produces Hormones That Protect Against Obesity Adipose tissue acts as an endocrine organ by generating hormones that influence metabolic activity. A major function of adipose cells is to produce the hormone adiponectin, which controls fat metabolism and increases the bodys sensitivity to insulin. Adiponectin helps to increase energy use in muscles without affecting appetite, to reduce body weight, and to protect against obesity. 7. Fat Cell Numbers Remain Constant in Adulthood Studies have revealed that the numbers of fat cells in adults remain constant overall. This is true regardless of whether you are lean or obese, or whether you lose or gain weight. Fat cells swell when you gain fat and shrink when you lose fat. The number of fat cells an individual has in adulthood is set during adolescence. 8. Fat Helps Vitamin Absorption Certain vitamins, including vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble and can not be properly digested without fat. Fats help these vitamins to be absorbed in the upper portion of the small intestines. 9. Fat Cells Have a 10 Year Lifespan On average, fat cells live for about 10 years before they die and are replaced. The rate at which fat is stored and removed from adipose tissue is about one and a half years for an adult with normal weight. The fat storage and removal rates balance out so that there is no net increase in fat. For an obese person, the fat removal rate decreases and the storage rate increases. The fat storage and removal rate for an obese person is two years. 10. Women Have a Higher Percentage of Body Fat Than Men Women have a greater percentage of body fat than men. Women need more body fat to maintain menstruation and also to prepare for pregnancy. A pregnant woman must store enough energy for herself and for her developing child. According to the American Council on Exercise, average women have between 25-31% body fat, while average men have between 18-24% body fat. Sources Fat turnover in obese slower than average. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Published 2011 September 25. (https://www.llnl.gov/news/fat-turnover-obese-slower-average)What are the guidelines for percentage of body fat loss? The American Council on Exercise. Published 2009 December 2. (acefitness.org/acefit/healthy-living-article/60/112/what-are-the-guidelines-for-percentage-of/)Dynamics of fat cell turnover in humans. Spalding KL, Arner E, Westermark PO, Bernard S, Buchholz BA, Bergmann O, Blomqvist L, Hoffstedt J, Nslund E, Britton T, et al. Nature. 2008 Jun 5; 453(7196):783-7. Epub 2008 May 4.

A Self-Reflection on My Lack of Success Regarding the English II Class

A Self-Reflection on My Lack of Success Regarding the English II Class Self Reflection When I first entered English II, I was extremely unconfident of what was to become of myself and my progress in the next level of the subject. I had left English last year reaching an â€Å"A-â€Å" after climbing strenuously up the â€Å"grade ladder† from a â€Å"C-â€Å". I knew English to me was a shaky subject, and the more challenging obstacles of English II had not failed to seem rather intimidating. The obstacles to which I had to face were not only academic, but also social. Do not think that I am the kind of person who clings to people or depends on needing to be with specific people in order to succeed. However, it was rather difficult not having any friends while enduring in a demanding subject—well, at least in my case. I can say I felt isolated during English II, while in English I had many friends in which I had met before or greatly acquainted with. Now did I realize that not having any friends in my English class was not detrimental, yet actually be neficial, since I was provided less to no distraction. Despite my occasional missing of homework—which I apologize for—I felt I succeeded in focusing more on learning how to become more successful at English, especially my essay writing. Who would have known that in English I, my best score on a paper was a â€Å"60†; while in English II, my best score was a â€Å"93†? I made many mistakes in English II I wish I had not, but I knew from the very moment I got an â€Å"89† on my first critical analysis paper of sophomore year that I was actually doing something right. Speaking of my first analysis paper, â€Å"Discrimination: Intolerance Towards Tolerance† was ultimately the first major milestone of my English class progress—I never considered anything I wrote in English I to be of any importance. I knew all of my knowledge of my past mistakes and the basics Mrs. Mastrobattisto taught me in the first couple of weeks would guide me into succeeding with the first of grueling tasks of English II. The main things I learned in order to make this paper a success were two things: relevant quotations and drafts. Relevant quotations were a must in this paper, as there were many meaningful quotes in To Kill a Mockingbird, yet only a handful of relevant ones that could be used to support my ideas. The other big concept was drafts. I wrote many drafts over a week—I think at least three. Each time my paper was shaped into even a better form than the last. This I had never done in English I. This paper meant a lot to me as it was the first sign of improvement since English I and gave me hope for the rest of the year. My first analysis paper had been written with my better understanding of essay structure, but the raw knowledge of how to write could not be better displayed than in my first written piece of the year, the First Common Assessment on summer reading. This piece shows the extent of ability of how I could write based on what I learned from English I. And let me tell you, I was shocked to see anything above a â€Å"C†. I felt extremely anxious writing this piece at the time; probably due to the fact that I had to trace back information from a book I read five weeks earlier or that I was being timed. One of my main weaknesses was writing timed pieces, as I always tried to display my ideas with â€Å"sophisticated word choice and smooth transitions† and other material that would impress my teacher. But as it seemed, it took too long to process and overcomplicate ideas, which ended up in hasty endings and poor analyses. I certainly succeeded with â€Å"exceptional awareness of purpose and voice† but paid the price with adequate support/insight and errors in usage/grammar. After writing this paper, I learned not to over compensate my ideas with fancy writing and to put down the main ideas and analyses for timed essays, and to leave the really nice writing for home, where I can write for as long as I want. This experience aided me later on when I soon encountered test essays. When one thinks of critical analysis papers, one usually recollects a sense of difficulty and stress. I thought critical analysis papers to be â€Å"long-term assignments given with generous amounts time to complete and easily achieved with handy resources.† However, it there was anything harder to write than such a paper, it was a test essay. Test essays were the stones on the path to academic success on which you can trip and fall. Test essays acted as miniature analysis papers with no availability of resources—just whatever you studied the night before. For example, my essay for my test on To Kill a Mockingbird was a bomb. Not only had I made worse mistakes than on the First Common Assessment, but I didn’t finish to complete the last two paragraphs—including the conclusion. No way was I able to fully analyze and collect my thoughts into a clearly written essay at the time. As I said before, timed pieces are my weakness. Yet, practice with this type of p iece would further strengthen my ability to write such pieces later on. The most important thing stressed in sophomore year is to pass the CAPT. That seemed like a lot of stress. And practicing for it made it seem even more intense. I never understood the boundaries of writing for an essay, in which case how much is too little or too much. Too little writing may cost points for inadequate analysis, while too much writing meant points off for information that may seem irrelevant or incorrect. To me, I felt that when I practiced the CAPT questions, I felt like I never wrote enough. The enigma is that the questions are the most basic, yet call for deeply thought-out and organized ideas/answers. It being timed did not matter to me for this occasion, but the spaces given were quite deceiving. One wants to use as much space as possible, yet condense the ideas to fit yet add everything necessary. I never felt confident in my answers because I could never balance things out, either the filling of space or putting in the detail with not much space. Hopefully I ca n work on that in the future. Most of which I have written was mostly negative. That is due to the fact that it took the whole year for me to mature in my writing, and in that fact I felt unashamed. I was rather joyous on how everything I learned from Mrs. Mastrobattisto’s class, my corrected errors, and newly found confidence collided into a tangible energy that I was able to possess in order to write my most recent essay, my Night Memoir. My organization of ideas, word structure, and descriptions led to the pinnacle of my English class progress. It was truly a feat, as it was my first paper to break the â€Å"90† grade barrier. I realized from this successful piece that I created better pieces out of the true focus and experience on which I applied to this paper. This assignment was truly my favorite, since it allowed me to reminisce on paper an event that changed my life, yet also apply my new skills as a writer at the same time. After having written this piece, I feel I can take on whatever Engl ish III throws at me. English II was indeed a time of failure, resilience, success. What I had done terribly in the past I have put behind me. The failing papers and countless corrections on them seem like a distant memory. I cannot say I have become perfect at writing—far from it. But I know that I have come a long way since the beginning of the school year. What was once the anxious new sophomore is now the more confident sophomore ready to end the year. I am glad for every mistake and correction I’ve made this year. I’ve seen the worst of my writing, but I look forward to see the best I can become. I owe my improvement to my English II teacher, Mrs. Mastrobattisto. Without her, I would be still a fledging writer who would never know how to write a more decent paper. I never minded her tough grading, as it was that that pushed me to improve on my skill, and let be known that my efforts did not go in vain. And although I remain isolated this year and will be next year, I fiercely int end to continue to grow and mature in the hopes of becoming proficient in what I have come to respect, the English language.

Hamlet Assignment#2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hamlet #2 - Assignment Example For analyzing this theme, enough authorial readings will be incorporated to reach at a decision concerning a true relationship between Hamlet and his mother. The research, which I intend to do also evaluate Hamlet’s relationship with other characters to a certain extent to see whether Hamlet is similar in communicating to everyone or his personality shows a new side when he is with different people. Hamlet’s actions that he takes during the play and how he takes the revenge for his father’s murder will also be evaluated. Hamlet’s anger, his madness and his planning against his stepfather Claudius, all take us to a certain analysis related to Hamlet and his mother’s relationship. Hamlet’s mother marries to his dead husband’s stepbrother soon after her husband’s death and without taking her son into confidence. Hamlet gets ignored in all his mother’s doing. She remains the queen of the state but Hamlet remains the prince of the state. However, after his father’s death, he should be the new king as was the custom of that time and age. With his mother’s marriage, his right of being the king was snatched away from him and his father’s murderer was the new king. Hamlet takes a long time in taking a decision concerning his revenge against his stepfather. This delay takes the play towards a tragic end in which, the queen Gertrude, Ophelia (Hamlet’s beloved), Ophelia’s father, Hamlet himself and the king, all die and the kingdom is given a new king. Hamlet is unable to identify whether his mother is a part of the whole game or not. He is also unable to fully accept the information given by the ghost but with the passage of time, he recognizes that the ghost of his father was right and he has a responsibility to avenge his father’s murder. His relationship is of a restrained type with his mother

Tourism management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tourism management - Essay Example Smallness of state can be a source of comparative advantage and this has been proved in the case of two states like Dubai and Bermuda. Destinations that enjoy an international monopoly on a given tourism attraction are said to have absolute advantage (Vellas, 2007). This can be in the form of natural resources or historical heritage sites which cannot be enjoyed elsewhere. This is absolute advantage but at time in smaller destinations the absolute advantage is difficult because of poor economic development. Comparative advantage on the other hand refers to the conditions for producing tourism services. Many countries have abundant workforce and low labor costs. Since the tourism sector is labor intensive any countries enjoy comparative advantage as they can offer tourism services at competitive rates. This enables them to increase their share of world tourism market. If a country has an absolute advantage in relation to another in products that both commercialize in, then if one country chooses to specialize in one product in which it has a comparative advantage, then this country stands to gain. The development of tourism has been a boon for small economies and in some cases the sole source of comparative advantage of small island economies (Mehmet & Tahiroglu, 2002). Bermuda emerged as a tourism sector as it could successfully exploit the ability to take advantage of the climate and location. It attained rapid development and prosperity through tourism. It does not have any regional trading link or industrial capacity but it has proximity to the rich markets in North America. This advantage helped it to gain the strongest comparative advantage in the region. There are other Caribbean islands endowed with similar climatic and locational advantages but they could not achieve the gain that Bermuda could. Bermuda is not a part of the Caribbean but an island which is an overseas territory of the UK. Its dramatic coastline stretches

Cultural History Essay Example for Free

Cultural History Essay Since long time ago, Bra has defined fashion and beauty among women. The history of Bra is linked to social history of the status of women which entails both the evolution of fashion and the changing views of the body of a woman. Since time immemorial, women have used various garments and devices to cover, elevate and restrain the breasts. Over a period of time the emphasis of bras has changed from the functionality point to fashionable point. This fact means that in current period bras are part of fashion of a woman. Origin of the Bra The origin of bra is believed to be in 2500BC worn by the Minoan women who resided in the island of Crete in the ancient Greece. These women used to wear garments that looked like Bra whose aim was to lift up their breast and boost them. Since then, there has been tremendous change in the shape of the breast with different social meanings. Evolution of Bras The evolution of bra starts with the Corsetry which was worn by the Cretan Women. The Cretan woman stood with bare breasts and the waist and hip corset shown above the decorative part of her underwear. The aim of the corset among the Cretan women was as a symbol of beauty and was aimed at showing off the breast. It is believed that bare breast had a cultural and religious significance. Around 450bc, the Greek started wearing a bodice tied above the breasts leaving the breasts naked. This Small band of material was referred to as Apodesme and was introduced after the corsets were prohibited. Apodesme played a functional role as they prevented the breast moving while walking. The bra like structures accompanied with fashionable clothes of that time. In many of the 18th century paintings show ladies wearing free falling, pleated loose dress backs. It was probably developed from the over gown that was worn in the 17th century. Under the pannier dress was perfectly crafted laced stays that were made of many pieces of whale bones. These stays were backstitched by hand and were very beautiful and decorative. The stays supported and raised the breast to a sharp point in the front as well as defining a trim shape. The stays always matched the dress as the bones in these stays were placed laterally across both the back and front shoulder blades to ensure that the front remained straight and an upright back. Although women had clothes that provided support to the breast such as crinolines and bustles in Victorian age, corsets started to reappear in 18th century and this was evident with Edwardian Era. During Edwardian era, Edwardian Corsets started making a big impact in women fashion. Fashion favored mature women as it exploited the curves of a highly corseted shape. The young and the old women laced themselves so tightly that they distorted their figures to get am s shape associated with that period. Health corsets were greatly favored in 1890s and 1900 and were designed with an aim of assisting the women in breathing. Aches Sarraute of Paris designed health corset with an aim of aiding health instead of endangering it. She introduced the straight fronted busk that left thorax free. It was also designed to support and raise the abdomen instead of forcing it downwards. She rightly aimed at reducing pressure on vital female organs dispensed with constricting curves at the waist which was a common feature among all corsets. Corsets after 1907 were straight as women’s obsession on small waist had reduced. The corsets of 1907 achieved a long slim figure. These corsets had had elastic gussets inserts which were supposed to increase the level of comfort. The new longer styles of 1912, corsets increased in length reaching the knees making it difficult for women sitting down. These corsets were designed for beauty purposes as fashion played a major role in their development. During this period, there was a shift of attention from metallic corsets and the concept of bra started to appear. (Workman, 1996) The word Bra was developed and first reported in America copy of Vogue in 1907. The original French name of brassier meant a soldiers arm. The First World War contributed to evolution of bras where women abandoned corsets and started wearing bras. During this period, the term brassier started to appear in high profile women magazines and eventually appeared in Oxford English dictionary in 1912. (Elizabeth, 1976) In 1913, Mary Phelps Jacob, a New York socialite, made a backless brassier from two silk handkerchiefs and some ribbon after discovering that the corsets were too restrictive when a woman was dancing in night clubs. Mary sold her patent to Warner Brother’s corset company for 1500 us dollars. After the year 1918, bras were made of lace bands with straps. The best bras at that time were the Symington side lacer which was a reinforced bodice. The side lacing was aimed at flattening the bust when it was tightened. It was at this time that the term bra changed from brassier. (Elizabeth, 1976) In 1930s the bra became more sophisticated and the home sewn version of bras started to diminish during this period. In 1928, entrepreneur William and Ida Rosenthal developed bra by introducing the cup sizes and bras for all the stages of a woman. Warmers developed the alphabet bra which was made in a set of sizes that were corresponding to alphabetical letters. This is as a result of women gaining interest in the size of their breast and other women breast. The women interest in these types of bra was as a result of aggressive marketing and the changing role of women in the society. During this period, bras became a major industry and there was great improvement in fiber technology, patterns, colors and varieties of the bras. There was increase in innovation such as sized cup, adjustable strap, increased elasticity and padded breast for small sized breast. The marketing of bras during this period targeted the younger women as beauty was an important aspect in them. The desired feature in 1930s was a pointy bust and this further increased demand for a forming garment and bras fitted well for this function. In 1940s, Clothing was determined by the Second World War. During this period, advertisements of clothes were based on patriotism. The highly structured conical pointed bullet bras were used as protection clothes whereby in the military fraternity, the female soldiers were advised to wear them for anatomical support, good taste and for morale. During this period, bra enhanced the concept of the sweater girl. Sweater girls often wore bullets bras which contributed to the development of later brassieres. The war had an impact on the flow of materials as there was shortage of material which resulted into women producing their own bras from parachute silk and old wedding dresses. Commercially manufactured bras were made from minimum amount of material and hence bore the utility mark. This led to the emergence of utility bras. In 1950s, the bras were typical long line stitch and fashion was a major contributing factor towards the development of bras. The long line conical bra gave support silhouette for girls who wanted to be like film stars sweater girls like Jane Russell. The bras got better as use of nylon materials made them more attractive, lighter and easier to wash. Pretty 1960s was a period that was characterized by increased interest of quality and fashion of bras. There was increased demand for maternity and mastectomy bras and increase in the use of washing machines led to increase in preference for durable bras. There was increased marketing promotion such as wearing bras 24 hours a day. This period was marked with cultural changes which represented a great threat to bra market. These counter culture to bra production included civil right movement and feminism which greatly opposed women wearing bras. During this period, there was development in the form of bras which were seamless, flattering and sexy and were more appealing to teenage girls. The invention was referred to as wonderbra invention. These Bras tugged the breast together and pulled them forward and hence they were a means of attraction. They were marketed as a form of luxury. The material used became durable, light weight and elastic. In late 1960s, bra and other feminine emblems became targets of feminist activism. The feminists viewed bras as objects which reduced women as sex objects. Some women started questioning the role of bra and this led to protest against 1968 miss American beauty pageant. For example, Germaine Greer stated that bras were absurd invention aimed at reducing the status of women. In 1968, they were a protest against Miss America beauty pageant by 400 women coming from New York Radical women in Atlantic City convention hall. The demonstration took place after Democratic national convention and the protestors placed bras, high heeled shoes, hairsprays and other beauty apparatus seen as symbols of oppression of women in a freedom trash can placed on the ground. This was a clear sign of protest against bra although no real burning of the bras took place. There was also another protest in 1970 which received wide coverage and was perceived as sexual liberation. This protest although seen by people as breaking of the law was somehow fruitful as many women stopped . This led to some stores such as Berkeley Roos closing Bra department due to poor sales. The protest led to development of ‘no bra’ by Rudi Gernreich in 1964. This bra was light, transparent stretch netting and had a simple shape. The fine layer of foam in the bras made the cups to stand up on the end (Pederson, 2004) The ‘burning of bra’ by feminist led to innovations in fashion industry in order top win back the lost customers. Gossard launched its wonderbra crusade in 1968 which led to introduction of original wonderbra. At first 36C was the top size of this innovatory under wired bra that was a necessity for V neck dresses of late sixties caftans which had ling necks were changed by the cleavage from a wonderbra. In case where one was in need of larger bra, a bra replacement fastener was used as an extender. Inserts of extra lagging or foam rubber could be inserted into small pockets in the wonderbra to increase the fullness where there was no bust. In 1990s, silicon implant scare caused the women to turn to bras as the best option of improving their breast size. The wonderbra became best seller in 1990s. In 1916s there was the presence of bra slips which were common for short skimpy dresses. The return of cleavage was recorded in 1990s . In a blonde ambition tour; Madonna was sported wearing sported ice unguent coned circular sewed cup on her Gaultier corset. Gautier first made designs of breast that were based on the conical breasts of 1980s but received full approval after Madonna used it in a number of her functions and hence sexy lace Bras came back into business. In 1990s there was the introduction of very plain tactel underwear slips which gave a good line beneath dresses making it possible to wear unlined dresses successful without static build up. Bra industry was further promoted during this period by the quest for women who had shed their breast in 1960s to have more figure control especially when wearing the straight sheath dress that were back in fashion. During this period, there was pursuit for cleavage by utilizing water, air and silicone pads and improvement in this development enhanced the sales of fashion companies in 21st century as they put more emphasis on breast management and improvement. The change in fashion trends resulted in different types emerging to suit different fashion needs of women. Cleavage enhancers are types of bras which have a plunging neckline which is important for maximum cleavage. The pads add an additional lift and the bra fully characterize bust hence ideal for low necklines. There are other fashionable bras referred to as Convertible/strapless which go up to five ways on a strapless bra often having molded padded cups that offer support and shape to the breast. They have seam free cups that are not visible under clothes. Bras do not only serve as fashion apparatus but they also play a big role in sports. Sport bras are perfectly constructed to provide a maximum support, compresses the breast and hence minimizing bouncing by the breasts. The material fabric is important in drawing moisture away from the body hence keeping the body comfortable. Silicone bra is a type of bra comes in different sizes from cup size A, B C; D. It does not have any strap. It is flexible and sticks tightly in conformity with the woman’s bust as it has self adhesive coating. It is made from high quality silicon gel. It is easy to wash, it has no strap and occurs in a range of colors and so the user has a wide choice of the colors she desires. This bra can be reused many times after laundering. Push ups and inflatable brassieres is a type of bra introduced in mid 1990s and added major sex appeal to the USA market. It was pioneered in 1960s by Fredricks of Hollywood . The look was classic pieces of soft cup inflated into a cone-shaped point. During this period, Singer and Dancer Madonna played a big role in making this bra to be famous. This bra has undergone much innovation such as volume adjustment systems, pairing of the sleek looking bra with air extricable padding. The bra has a molded cup and wireless lifts. It has a weightless padding which gives the cleavage a slight projection. It has barely three Bralettes. It is found in soft cup, Camisole like sheers as well as lacy under wire creations which exhibit double cleavage of their full cup counterparts. (Steele, 2001) Sex openness among the current time women In 1950s to 1980s feminists played great role in trying to liberate women from oppression by men. They tried as much as they could in transforming the working and business environment to suit women and this resulted in many of them getting jobs and becoming more liberal especially in their sexual lives. In the past, feminists opposed beauty apparatus which they considered as being tools which reduced women as sex objects. This did not get support from all the women as beauty was still valued b women and so they continued using beauty apparatus and fashion determined what they wore. Currently the society has changed greatly and as a result of empowerment, women have become more liberal and hence more open to sixths is depicted by the clothing they put on which more is revealing than in the past years. Also increase in innovation by fashion industries has played a major role as these companies strive hard to market products which are said to make women look sexy. Improved technology especially in the entertainment sector has contributed a lot to women becoming more sexual open as they mostly emulate the lifestyles of the entertainment stars. (Kunzle, 2004) Conclusion Innovation has played a major role in shaping the fashion in different time span. Bra comes out clearly as a major fashion tool and from its evolution, it can be concluded that it has played a central role in women fashion and enhancing beauty among the women. Women have considered fashion as an important aspect in their life and this is evident in the different variety of beauty apparatus they have been having since time immemorial. In the contemporary times, women open sexuality show that women are liberalized and hence free to select any type of lifestyle and clothing to put on. Reference List: Elizabeth, E. , (1976). â€Å"Underwear: A History. † New York, NY: Theatre Arts Books Kunzle, D. , (2004). â€Å"Fashion and Fetishism:† Thrupp, UK: Sutton Publishing Limited Stephanie, P. , (2004) â€Å"Bra: a thousand years of style,† Newton Abbot: David Charles Valerie, S. , (2001). â€Å"The Corset: A Cultural History. † New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Workman, N. , (1996). â€Å"From Victorian to Victoria’s Secret: The Foundations of Modern Erotic Wear. † Journal of Popular Culture. 30. 2, 61-73

Progressivism Essay -- History Essays Progressive Era

Progressivism The age of progressivism was a time where the middle and lower classes joined together to attack the upper crust elites. During the populist movement there was more of a separation of classes; the farmers blamed just about everyone, especially the more cosmopolitan population, for their economic loss at the end of the nineteenth century. Towards the beginning of the twentieth century however, the rich kept getting richer and the poor got poorer. When the Industrial Revolution was at its peak, the railroad owners and developers saw a large increase in their revenue. The gap between the middle class and the upper class very quickly became much larger. Small town community leaders, who were role models for their town, now had to answer to big business, starting the status revolution. The lower and middle classes were worried because democracy is now being threatened by the monopolies that controlled the economic swing of the United States. The classes fought back by t rying to win over some of the â€Å"outsiders† of the country, ie immigrants, Jews, different races. The goal was to win them over by cleaning up some of the slum areas where these populations lived. Religion played a role in which slums would be cleaned up. The Roman Catholics that emigrated from Ireland had the stereotype of being alcoholics; the Jews from Eastern Europe had the stereotype of being money grubbers. The majority of the American population, white, protestant, workers, had a hard time trusting the outsiders of the country. Many different historians compare and contrast the benefits of this time and the repercussions it had left. For some groups, it was a pivotal moment in history for them but for others, laws were mad... ... Different discriminated groups came together to forge a bond to get their voice heard in America; the middle and lower â€Å"wasp† classes teamed with the immigrants against big business and prevailed. These coalitions, helped shape the social scene for the beginning of the twentieth century. The progressive era left its mark in the United States history. Works Cited Paula Baker, â€Å"The Domestication of Politics: Women and American Political Society, 1780-1920,† The American Historical Review 89 (1984): 620-647. Peter Filene, â€Å"An Obituary For ‘The Progressive Movement’,† American Quarterly 22 (1970): 20-34. Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform (New York: Vintage Books, 1955): 16-18. Richard McCormick, â€Å"The Discovery That Big Business Corrupts Politics: A Reappraisal of the Origins of Progressivism,† The American Historical Review 86 (1981): 247-274.

Isolation: a Comparative Essay Essay

In William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, the concept of identity is explored through Hamlet’s isolation which is created by the conflict between his duty to his father, and his duties to the monarchy and his peers. Gertrude suffers the same identity questions through her isolation and also that of her sons. The isolation they experience not only is caused by some sort of tragic event, but also provokes many dilemmas in their lives that they both have to work through, but it also results in a lot of trouble, and heartbreak for more than just themselves. For people who are royalty such as Hamlet and Gertrude, it seems as though it would be difficult to be isolated, or to have anything bad happen to them. They are always surrounded by people, who love them, or who want to be them. But maybe that’s just it; maybe Hamlet and Gertrude being royalty started the downfall. There is usually one point in time, one moment that causes the big downfall, one thing that tears away any strength the person had to battle their isolation. The one thing for Hamlet is the death of his father. Being a son, the father is the biggest role model and usually the person the son looks up to and learns from the most. To make things worst, in the beginning of the play Hamlet’s isolation can also be due to the fact that he is unaware of foul murder by Claudius. Hamlet also experiences betrayals from his friends Guildenstern and Rosencrantz. When they betray Hamlet it provokes Hamlet to start to question his relationships not only with them, but also with his other friends and family. All saws of books, all forms, all pressures past†¦ And thy commandment all alone shall live within the book and volume of my brain, Unmixed with baser matter. (I.5.99-104) Hamlet’s mother Gertrude and Uncle Claudius both betray his trust. The  actions of his uncle, Claudius, are the cause of Hamlet’s reactions throughout the play which isolates Hamlet from the only family that he has in the play. Finally, when Hamlet tries to get to the root of things and he pretends to go mad, he isolates himself from his friends, family, and especially Ophelia. The root of Hamlet’s isolation is his suffering of false friends and betrayals, and his own secretive nature. These deceitful circumstances of Hamlet’s loneliness and its effect on Hamlet are the major contributing factors leading to his tragic downfall. Similar to Hamlet, his mother, Gertrude also has a tragic event that causes the start of her isolation. This is the death of her husband, the King. Gertrude, as well as Hamlet, is not aware of how her husband passed away, and that someone close to her, and her son is the perpetrator. Although the loss is hard for Hamlet, it is also really difficult for Gertrude. King and Queen, that’s how it goes. Where there is a king, there is always a queen to follow, and vise versa. When the king is gone, it leaves just the queen, Gertrude to be all by herself. With no one to sleep with at night, and no one to love and have him love her back. She is isolated in a major way. And being just the queen is not easy. When something tragic happens to one, it is not easy to cope with. You want to make life go back to just the way it was before, although of course, there will be things in the way, such as dilemmas. Hamlet crosses paths with many of them throughout his journey. The first one being when he learns of the murder of his father. The ghost tells Hamlet to avenge his death, which is the first dilemma, murdering his uncle. He tries and he thinks about it all of the time and tries to come up with ways that Claudius will show his guilt for a way that he will be able to murder Claudius. But that’s just it, he thinks about it all of the time, but does not continue through with his plan. King: O, my offence is rank. It smells to heaven. It hath the primal eldest curse upon’t, A brother’s murder. Pray can I not, Though inclination be as sharp as will. My stronger guilt defeats my strong intent. (III.3.36-40) Hamlet wants to focus himself entirely on this task, and wants no distractions. So, he plays with Ophelia’s head she is a woman that he sees romantically. He tells her he never loved her, causing her to go mad. This is the next step Hamlet has to take to continue his plan. He confides in some friends so they are aware of his well being and acts as if he is mad. He does this to get answers, and maybe even find a small, tiny piece of closure. This is his way of dealing with the death of his father, and the pain that it makes him feel. Hamlet also becomes isolated from many men, including Claudius and Laertes, due to the fact that they all want him dead, and wants many of them dead. Similarly, Gertrude is also hurt by the death of King Hamlet, she loved him, and she loves her son as well. Back then she would have no choice on who she could marry; it would be expected of her. When there is a kingdom, a monarchy, and society that needs to be ruled, there has to be a king in the picture, no queen can handle it by themselves. Gertrude even married him in the same few days as her husband’s funeral. In the eyes of Hamlet, the actions of his mother totally betray him. When he needs someone the most, she is off with a new man. Her marrying Claudius proves to Hamlet that she has no respect and no remorse for the death of his father and even for him. Another major dilemma Hamlet has is the power struggle between him and his mother. Naturally Gertrude feels as though Hamlet is still hers, and shall do what she says. She loves him so much, and wants him to see that everything will be okay, but Hamlet believes he can see through it. Hamlet has little or no intentions of taking orders from anyone, or being convinced otherwise by another person, especially his mother. Gertrude finally calls for Hamlet so that they can have a personal discussion about what has been going on, and Hamlet does not even speak to his mother, as if that is what she is. No more, sweet Hamlet! these words like daggars enter my ears; †¦O speak to me no more; As will not leave their tinct (III.iv.88-91) And there I see such black and grained spots Thou turn’st my very eyes into my soul, O Hamlet, speak no more†¦ (III.iv.94-6) All of this happens because of that one point, one moment when everything changed for many people. After everything that has happened to Hamlet, Gertrude and their peers, you think it would get better, but it does not. The death of the real king causes so many problems in the lives of these people, and in the end, it ultimately leads to their demise. In the last battle of the play Hamlet is prepared to kill his uncle Claudius which is directly related to how Claudius marries his mother, and leaves Hamlet all alone. Gertrude indirectly dies by drinking the poison in a coasting of her son, which is when she shows the ultimate love towards Hamlet. Because she did love him so much, and never wanted King Hamlet to die, and always wanted Hamlet to be with her, and support her. At that point she thought that Hamlet would come back on board with her and she truly believes that love can triumph. Gertrude is ultimately killed by the love she has for her son. The two truly did love each other, and really would do anything for the other person. Throughout the play, the isolation they both suffered tore from their relationship. Hamlet was separating himself from her, and there was nothing Gertrude could do to change it. The relationship that a mother and a son have is tremendous and is so special to so many people. Finally, another result of their isolation puts a wall between them, and never allows them to  have that special relationship before they pass. A result of the isolation Hamlet has is that he received the measures of revenge. Not only did these two die because of this, others also did many others, such as Ophelia, Polonius, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, Claudius†¦ So, who were they? Gertrude was a loving mother, who loved her son so dearly, and Hamlet, a son who was torn from so many different angles. This happens all of the time in every day life, even when parents are divorced, the children do not want to see anyone new with their mom and dad. When they do, there is often conflict and tension between them. Or the whole idea of planning, and waiting until the perfect time and moment to go trough with the plan can be related to revenge in our lives. Such as 9/11, obviously that took a lot of planning and thought as well. The only thing I know for sure about Hamlet is that the ending was very solid. The king dies. Revenge has been succeeded. The death of all of these people and of the kings symbolizes that evil is now over. There will be a new king, and he will start a new and pure beginning.

Condom Advertising Essay

Condom has been a vital contraceptive and STD prevention tool for thousands of years. Several types of male and female condoms are available. Some condoms are made of plastic or animal tissue i. e. lambskin, latex. Condoms are the most effective against viruses such as HIV but Condom use declined markedly during the 1960s as the birth control pills was introduced and contraceptive devices such IUDs became more widely accepted. After the introduction of birth control pills people started avoiding condoms because according to them sex with condoms doesn’t give that much pleasure, But the emergence of HIV/AIDS in the early 1980s , condom use re-emerged and has became increasingly recognized as a critical means of preventing infection with HIV and other STDs that can facilitate HIV infection. Yet many of those at high risk of contracting HIV are not using condoms consistently. For example, recent studies have found that 40 % of sexually active high school students or adult world wide did not use a condom during their most ecent sexual encounter and 87 percent do not believe they are at risk of acquiring HIV. Controversy over Condoms Advertising: Condoms promotion campaigns especially those using a mass media and targeting sexually active youth are controversial. Public usually don’t want to see condoms commercial. Especially in Islamic society, a large number of people are against contraceptive advertising. Do people really feel embarrassed watching such ads in front of their family? Fear of public controversy makes official support difficult and often weakens the potential impact of mass media interventions by diluting the content of the message. Entertaining condoms commercials do always face public’s controversy. Networks don’t care whether commercials contained message or not, they want decent condoms commercials. They want condoms marketer to hide other benefits of condom except prevention of STDs and HIV/AIDs. But do decent condoms commercial can make an impact on consumers mind? Does use of humor and sexual appeal in condoms commercial lead the youngsters towards sex? Networks have been slow to respond to the increasing public acceptance of condom advertising for fear of arousing the opposition of conservative groups. Networks believe that viewers think that condoms encourage promiscuity or may be uncomfortable with the idea of condom advertising within the privacy of homes. Most of the networks want very decent commercials of condoms or otherwise they do reject commercial; Recently FOX and CBS both rejected the Trojan pigs commercial. Both had accepted Trojan’s previous campaign, which urge condom use because of the possibility that a partner might be H. I. V positive, perhaps unknowingly. In a written response to Trojan, though, FOX said that it had rejected the spot because â€Å"Contraceptive advertising must stress health-related uses rather than the prevention of pregnancy. † Due to limited budget and other restrictions, condom marketers and advertisers are facing many problems, because of these restrictions condoms advertiser tend to direct their message to niches audiences through targeted magazines and cable stations (i-e MTV, Channel V, SHE magazine ) rather than the major broadcast networks. The restrictions placed on condom advertising by networks and local stations combined with the modest dvertising budgets of condoms marketers has kept condom advertising at low to imperceptible levels. Advertising of condoms remains more restricted than advertising of many other products including contraceptives. And whether it is due to those restrictions or for other financial reasons, the advertising budgets of condom companies have been so low that condom ads h ave been relatively rare even on those networks and affiliates willing to accept such ads. We have seen many beer commercials; Viagra and oral contraceptive appear on TV (different networks of world) regularly, condom advertising remains limited and highly controversial. Condom advertising is prohibited by National Association of broadcasters’ (NAB) code of Conducts and many religious parties do not permit networks to air its commercials. The first network in the world was KNTV, San Jose, which despite codes decided to carry a spot for Trojan in 1975. Some of the networks and stations that accept condom commercials impose certain limits on them, such as restricting the time of the day they can be run, or requiring their messages to be focused on diseases prevention rather than birth control. Condom marketers express frustration with the time limits networks impose. Condoms marketer could not place their condom ad during primetime even though other consumer product are able to run a network commercial that stimulate sex. Some networks draw a strong line between messages about disease prevention – which may be allowed – and those about pregnancy prevention, which may be considered controversial for religious and moral reasons. Policies for Condoms Advertising: The sensitive and personal nature of this product category warrants that particular care be exercised by the advertiser in the development of commercials. Such commercials will be accepted only if they meet the following conditions: Commercials must: †¢deal solely with the issue of disease prevention †¢make education of the public of primary importance †¢display and promotion of the product must be done in a responsible and sensible manner Commercials must not: †¢make mention of contraception †¢promote casual sex and promiscuity Public Opposition: Usually in forming policies for condom advertising, networks executives rely heavily on audience feedback. The less they hear from viewers on issues around condoms advertising, the better they assume such advertising is received. Silence is golden in this case! The less response, the better it is. Industry executives agree that the landscape for condom ads has improved markedly in the last several years but note that there are still significant obstacles to overcome for greater consistency in policy and broader acceptance. Advertisers vow to continue trying to reach a broad market through network television and say they will grow their budgets when they can more easily place their ads. Most networks say they will continue to evaluate viewer reception to ads from this small but increasingly less controversial advertiser. Most of the people believe that condom ads motivate young’s to do sex because it eliminates the fear of HIV/AIDS, STDs and Pregnancy. And it opposes the traditional values that sex should be kept within the marriage bed. People oppose condom ads because they promote promiscuity. Some TV stations, especially on cable, permit some limited condom advertising, but only late at night when children are presumed to be asleep. Condoms adverts do often appear in magazines which appeal to young adults. Whenever people see condom commercials they switched the other channel or will turnoff the T. V set or may be leave the gathering immediately. Family planning groups argue such ads could help reduce teen pregnancies and check the spread of sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS. People celebrate the sensational aspects of sex and sexuality while entangling the public health aspects of the issue in a straightjacket of fear, shame and denial. Manufacturer do use sexy images to sell sneakers, soft drinks, cars and cosmetics, doesn’t it make a sense for the condom marketer to use them. What do we believe that condom advertising should be aired on TV, there was no consensus on how ad should feature the product and when it should be aired. Our world is on the verge of an AIDs epidemic. Can we afford to be coy about sex and contraception? In urban settings, people seem to know that condoms, if used properly can deter the spread of HIV/AIDs and prevent pregnancy. Many new studies have shown that condom advertising, banned for many years on network television is acceptable to most Americans, Europeans, Germans and Asians. The spread of HIV/AIDS has convinced a growing number of governments to liberalize policies toward condom advertising. Condom ads were once banned in the United Kingdom and France, for example, but are now legal. Other countries that explicitly permit condom advertising include Brazil, Colombia, Denmark, France, Peru, Singapore, and Uganda. The government of Ethiopia itself advertises contraceptives, including condoms. In Russia a government safe-sex campaign uses advertising as its main approach. In contrast, some governments continue to forbid condom advertising or strictly regulate it. In Indonesia, for example, condom advertising is not allowed if condoms are promoted for sexual activities such as extramarital sex or sex with commercial sex workers—illicit activities likely to spread HIV/AIDS—but is acceptable if condoms are promoted as a family planning method . Condom ads do not negatively affect viewer’s attitudes toward advertising, although networks restrict the time of the day when condom ads can air and limit their message and tone. But the question arises that these ads should be aired only on a particular time Do the message of safe sex if not for the whole society? Or only particular classes of society are exposed to the risk of sexually transmitted diseases or HIV/AIDs or pregnancy? Ten years ago, no broadcast television network would air a paid condom commercial. Today, three of the six major broadcast networks allow condom companies to advertise on their airwaves, with some limitations on message, tone, and time of day. Fox began accepting condom ads in 1991, CBS in 1998, and NBC in 1999. ABC, UPN, and The WB continue to prohibit paid condom ads. ABC airs ads for prescription birth control pills, and The WB says it would consider ads for the pill as well. UPN and The WB do not broadcast network programming after 10 p. m. Several cable companies have allowed condom advertising for years, and some broadcasters that restrict paid condom ads accept public service ads referencing condoms or safer sex. One advertising agency said that television is one of the most effective means of educating people on the use of contraceptives. However, business people should avoid offending local cultural, social and religious sensitivities. It can be difficult to promote a practice or a product that can interfere with sexual pleasure, can be awkward to use, provides no immediate rewards, and is often associated with distrust and immorality, and whose reliability and effectiveness are often questioned. To be effective, condom promotion must engage people, reach them emotionally, and persuade them that using condoms is important, acceptable, convenient, and the social norm. The advertising of condoms can be especially difficult in conservative societies. The approach in Egypt, where the target is families and the message is family planning, contrasts dramatically with a risque 1998 advertising campaign developed by McCann-Erickson for Durex condoms, targeting young single people and run in Europe. In Egypt, an advertising execution for a condom brand shows a father and mother introducing themselves and their children in a loving way. The message, explained by the parents, is that having only two children, spaced a few years apart, means that one can spend time and attention taking care of them. The advertising of condoms is a very sensitive topic, whether in the context of family planning or preventive health care. In Bahrain, regarded as one of the more liberal Gulf States, the advertising of contraceptives is forbidden. Other products may also be subject to restrictions because of a desire to maintain modesty in the society. For example, a Korean company applied for permission to advertise its underwear product in the Bahrain airport location. The advertising was acceptable only if the words â€Å"Best Cotton Underwear† was removed; which shows the offending text crossed out. Benefits of Condoms Commercials: Several factors proved the importance of condoms advertising: the devastations wrought by HIV/AIDS; the sexual nature of many TV shows; if you see from the public point of view, condoms have an even greater potential in that they can reduce the risk of aids and other STDs, networks are not justifying turning condoms ads down while accepting other contraceptive ads. Following are the main reason why we favored condom commercials: 1) Lack of awareness (especially among sexually active young people) of the effectiveness of condoms in preventing the transmission of HIV/AIDS and some other STIs, as well as pregnancy. ) Promote condom use as fashionable, acceptable and responsible, and as an essential part of HIV/AIDS, sexual health and sex education. 3) Short, 30-60 second radio and television advertising spots can be highly effective in delivering health-related messages. 4) To educate the public to the only product †capable of slowing the spread’’ of acquired immune deficiency syndrome, or AIDS. 5) It will reduce the unwanted pregnancy rates Condoms Advertisement in Pakistan In Pakistan, men are the primary reason why family planning is not a priority and contraceptive use is so low. In a country with about 130 million people, only 12 percent of Pakistani women report using a modern contraceptive method, and Pakistan has the highest total fertility rate among the ten most populous countries. Men’s concerns, beliefs, and practices must be addressed; failure to do so will relegate Pakistan, and its women, to continued high birth rates and unnecessary maternal and child deaths. Men must be motivated to act, to be concerned about their family’s and their wife’s health. Only when men act, or at least do not interfere when their wives desire to act, will the situation improves. The widespread social marketing of condoms in Pakistan has been useful in exposing men to modern methods of avoiding unwanted pregnancies. In Pakistan, men dominate all activities outside the household, including shopping. Thus, men see Sathi condoms at local shops, learn from the media or from friends that it is a simple and affordable means of preventing an unwanted pregnancy, and are inspired to purchase it. Sathi can thus be seen as an introduction to modern contraception, with some couples then graduating to more effective or permanent methods. Targeting Men: The overriding dominance of men as decision-makers in Pakistan, and the restrictions on women’s movements outside the home, has fueled the need to target men in national FP campaigns. Condoms, the premier male contraceptive method, have traditionally been promoted to men. As a result, PSI/SMP has tailored its multi-media condom social marketing messages and educational campaigns to appeal to men and address their resistance points. a. Sense of Male Responsibility The objective of these campaigns is to increase a man’s sense of responsibility for family size and for his wife’s reproductive health. An increased sense of male responsibility – combined with appropriate knowledge about the benefits of family planning, messages which motivate action, and clear instructions on where to go for quality FP products and services – should lead to increased contraceptive use. PSI/SMP has used multiple strategies to motivate men to purchase Sathi condoms. b. Providing Relevant and Correct Information to Men Even with female contraceptive methods – such as Green Star IUDs, oral contraceptives (OCs), and injectables – PSI/SMP targets its messages for male as well as female clients. It is critical to get the men on board since they have an important role not only in the decision to purchase contraceptives, but because they are often the ones to buy the products. In some cases, when a woman’s movements are restricted by purdah, for example, her husband will visit the doctor or pharmacist and may be the only source of information on oral contraceptives and their potential side effects. c. Small Family Norm The PSI/SMP television and cinema commercials which promote Green Star hormonal contraceptives and FP clinics prominently feature men. In one scene, a husband is at first reluctant to discuss family planning with his wife, or permit her to visit a Green Star clinic. After a dream sequence, in which the husband is overwhelmed by rowdy, noisy children, he immediately agrees with his wife that there should be an adequate period between births in order to give each child the time and attention she/he deserves. The commercial closes with the couple visiting a Green Star FP clinic together. d. Male Providers While PSI/SMP is engaged in intensive efforts to train female medical practitioners, it will also train thousands of male doctors and pharmacists. Research indicates that men are more likely to go to other men – particularly male doctors and pharmacists – for information about family planning. It is therefore important that these male medical practitioners provide correct information to men, so that misconceptions can be dispelled and men can assist and even motivate their wives to begin practising contraception. e. Inter-spousal Communication PSI/SMP also communicates more generic messages to the public, those which do not promote a specific contraceptive method or brand, but instead aim to change behaviors in ways that encourage family planning practice. For example, television, radio, and other media promote inter-spousal communication, with a husband and wife discussing family planning options. Research in other countries has shown that couples who discuss family planning are more likely to use modern contraceptives than those couples who avoid the subject. f. Girl Child Throughout its communications campaigns, PSI/SMP has strived to improve the status of women in Pakistan through positive and empowering images and messages. In all PSI/SMP advertisements, for example, a couple is shown with only one child – a girl – with the father obviously loving and caring for the girl. By consistently showing a girl child, PSI/SMP hopes that this will decrease Pakistani men’s preference for a male child, and show that girls are equal in value to boys. Improving the status of women in the eyes of men and in the eyes of the society will lead to increased female empowerment, ultimately resulting in women asserting more control over their reproductive health and family size. Since Pakistan is considered an Islamic society, running condoms commercial on air would raise some controversies. People are not ready to accept these commercials. For them watching condoms commercial, discussing sexual issues is a bit embarrassing. Condom commercial motivates people to have sex out of marriage bed and this is what against their traditional values. It is something that is prohibited in Islam. Condoms advertising were aimed to be potentially socially sensitive in the Asian community, particularly which could clash with traditional values, like keeping oneself disinterested and pure, having few desires, respect for tradition, and moderation.

Science and Religion essays

Science and Religion essays Did a Biblically Inspired Mentality Play a Role in the Development of Modern Science? Before this question can be addressed, you must first define what modern science consists of. I see modern science as the past one hundred years of electrical, mechanical, physical, and galactic discovery. Modern science is exemplified through recent knowledge, and understanding of human healing. From evolution on earth to biological organisms found on mars you will also see the unrestrained results of modern science. Modern science has separated its self from the restrictive and faith based religious community. Modern science cant be logically linked to some form of religious influenced methodology. This is because Modern science has developed its own method of thinking. This scientific method is a factual and strictly guided methodology where there is no room for faith in an unknown entity. Early scientists were bound by a religious method of reasoning which crippled them in explanation and presentation of their discoveries and inventions. They had to somehow present their ideas to a public who wouldnt accept them without some divine intervention making them possible. Through reinterpretation of biblical sources, they could justify and qualify their work. Religious sources lend themselves to reinterpretation by their mythical and unverifiable nature. This can be seen anytime of the day through bad television preachers and mentally unstable cults who use the events and stories of the bible to represent and validate their own personal agendas. With some creativity, nearly any topic or idea can be verified through strategically selected and organized pieces of the bible. Through the 18th and 19th century, people found themselves presented with several new ideas and inventions which were evidently created by man and were far from divine. The steam engine allowed travel, communication, and transportati...

My Father's Suitcase by orhan pamuk Research Paper

My Father's Suitcase by orhan pamuk - Research Paper Example His father said, â€Å"Just take a look,† slightly embarrassed. â€Å"See if there’s anything in there that you can use. Maybe after I’m gone you can make a selection and publish it† (Pamuk). At that time, Pamuk did not understand the gravity of the situation because he never understood that his father meant death. His story however unfolds as he opens the suitcase to find excellent pieces of writing and literature, something that made him think about his father from a different perspective altogether, something that made him the great writer and man that he is today. Pamuk talks about the characteristics of a writer by incorporating the way his father was; by reading the letters and papers that his father had left behind for him, he forms a different worldview about him. He begins to understand that his father did not take up his writing in order to help the family live a substantial life because his grandfather had been a wealthy businessman and thus Pamuk’s father did not want to disappoint the family by becoming a writer and taking the risk of not being able to earn enough money. He thus kept this personality of his a secret from the rest of the world, and was too scared to display it before he was gone. He was perhaps embarrassed because of the fact that he would have turned out to be a wonderful writer and that he would later feel regret in his life for not having taken up that path when he had the chance. He thus opted for the path of least resistance, the path where he showed his son what kind of a man he actually was, what his inh erent personality revealed about him, and how he could make a difference in his son’s life by showing him all of that. Pamuk writes, â€Å"The lovely Turkish expression â€Å"to dig a well with a needle† seems to me to have been invented with writers in mind. In the old stories, I love the patience of Ferhat, who digs through mountains for his love – and I

International Influences to Democratization Essay

International Influences to Democratization - Essay Example It is a government by the people and for the people. As opposed to authoritative regimes, a democratic government is more open and more responsive to the needs of the people. It is a government in which the cities are involved in the process of democratization. The process of achieving a democratic regime is not that smooth and sometimes it may even involved shedding of blood. Democracy cannot take place overnight and that is why it has taken many countries in the world a lot of time to come up with a democratic regieme. There is also a factor of the vested individual interest in every regime which makes it hard to achieve opening in a government. In may cases democracy has been achieved throngs the influence of the internals community and not from the process of internal democratization. Although internal democratization unconsidered to be the best form democratization, sometimes it is hard to achieve due to the clout of few individual who want to maintain their vested interest in the governments that they are running. That is why the process of democratization has remained to be different in different parts of the world depending on the influence of the international community. (Keane 2000, p. 39) As the wave of globalization brings that world to a global village, there are more openings in the government which has been enabled by the increased flow of information from one place to another, government have become more exposed to the scrutiny of the world and they have been gauged by the way they are having open regimes. One of the critical issues of democracy in nations has been the respect of human rights. In this case there have been class for the need to observe international human rights. Democracy has been marked by some key factors which are concerns of human nature. For example the respect of human rights has been used as one of the most important gauge to measure the level of democracy in a nation. Presence of free and fair poll which elect leaders of the country has been used as another gauge of democracy. The electoral process and the ability to meet the needs of the citizens is one of the most important factor that signify how open and democratic the country is rules. (Currain 2006, p. 69) Democracy is based on institutions. Therefore its the way a country formulate institution that will help it uphold the above said principles of democracy that will determine how it will be able to have democratic regime. This is one of the reasons why the process of democracy takes a long time to achieve and why it may need the influence of the international community. Institution like the election commission or any other body which is free from the executive or the legislative arm of the government is very important to ensure that a democratic regime is put in place. A democratic regime should also be able to uphold the principles of rule of law. This means that it should have a constitution in place the will effectively serve the needs of the people. A condition is the most important tool or institution as is used to uphold the principles of democracy in a country. The judicially system should be fair and free from the influence of the executive which will help it to rule the count ry according to the principles of the rule of law. (Rita 2000, p. 64) Comparative democratization in